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100			_a Maksic, Jelena _951514
245			_aSimulation of the Holocene climate over South America and impacts on the vegetation/
260			_bsage _c2019
300			_aVol 29, Issue 2, 2019 : (287-299 p.).
520			_aWe provide a comprehensive analysis of the Holocene climate and vegetation changes over South America through numerical simulations. Holocene climate for several periods (8 ka, 6 ka, 4 ka, 2 ka, and present) were simulated by an atmospheric general circulation model, forced with orbital parameters, CO2 concentrations, and sea surface temperature (SST), while the analysis of the biome distributions was made with a potential vegetation model (PVM). Compared with the present climate, our four simulated periods of the Holocene were characterized by reduced South Atlantic Convergence Zone intensity and weaker South American Monsoon System (SAMS). The model simulated conditions drier than present over most of South America and gradual strengthening of SAMS toward the present. The Northeast Brazil was wetter because of southward migration of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Moreover, SST conditions were the main forcing for the climate changes during the mid Holocene inducing larger austral summer southward ITCZ migration. PVM paleovegetation projections are shown to be consistent with paleodata proxies which suggest fluctuations between biomes, despite the fact that ages of dry/wet indicators are not synchronous over large areas of the Amazonian ecosystem. Holocene PVM simulations show distinct retreat in Amazonian forest biome in all four simulated periods. In 6 ka, present caatinga vegetation in Northeastern Brazil was replaced with savanna or dense shrubland. The simulations also suggest the existence of rainforest in western Amazonia and the expansion of savanna and seasonal forest in the eastern Amazon, with shifts in plant community compositions and fragmentation located mostly in ecotone regions. Moreover, our PVM results show that during the Holocene, the Amazonian tropical forest was smaller in area than today, although western Amazonia persisted as a tropical forest throughout the Holocene.
650			_acaatinga, _951515
650			_aclimate change, _949417
650			_aITCZ, _951516
650			_amonsoon, _951517
650			_apaleovegetation, _951379
650			_apotential vegetation, _951518
650			_arainforest, _951519
650			_a savannah _951520
700			_aShimizu, Marilia Harumi _951521
700			_aOliveira, Gilvan Sampaio de _951522
773	0		_012756 _916504 _dLondon: Sage Publication Ltd, 2019. _tHolocene/ _x09596836
856			_uhttps://doi.org/10.1177/0959683618810406
942			_2ddc _cART
999			_c12779 _d12779