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100			_aLockhart, Andy _949622
245			_aWhy there and then, not here and now? Ecological offsetting in California and England, and the sharpening contradictions of neoliberal natures/
260			_bSage, _c2019.
300			_aVol 2, issue 3, 2019 : (665-693 p.).
520			_aFailure has become an increasingly important theme of debate in the literature on neoliberal natures. In this article we take up this topic with respect to ecological offsetting, often regarded as an exemplar of market-oriented conservation. Comparing the case of species banking which emerged in California in the 1990s with frustrated efforts to implement a biodiversity offsetting programme in England beginning in 2010, we develop a novel analytical framework for explaining why this kind of environmental market-making may or may not be successful in different contexts. Drawing on work in geography on the neoliberalisation of nature and insights from economic sociology, we characterise ecological offsetting as ‘command-and-commodify’ regulation: a peculiar form of hybrid ecological regulation which depends on an institutional mix of ‘authoritative’ and ‘economic’ power to function. In California, these kinds of environmental markets initially emerged at a moment of compromise, contingent on an embrace of ‘market’ solutions to environmental problems on the one hand, and a somewhat paradoxical expansion of authoritative power to ecologically regulate land development, on the other. In England, by contrast, deep fiscal austerity and deregulatory zeal, combined with resistance from nearly every quarter, initially undermined the possibility of balancing economic and authoritative power, which we argue is necessary for the construction of viable ecological offsetting. Reflecting on themes in the wider literature, we conclude by questioning whether the English experience is indicative of sharpening tensions between economy and ecology in the late neoliberal era.
650			_aNeoliberal natures, _949623
650			_a ecological offsetting, _949624
650			_aenvironmental markets, _949625
650			_acommand-and-commodify regulation, _949626
650			_aEngland, California _949627
700			_a Rea, Chris _949628
773	0		_012446 _916479 _dLondon: Sage Publication Ltd, 2019. _tEnvironment and Planning E: Nature and Space/ _x 25148486
856			_uhttps://doi.org/10.1177/2514848619850778
942			_2ddc _cART
999			_c12486 _d12486